While there is no universally agreed-upon definition of wellbeing, experts concur that establishing one is crucial (Felce and Perry, 1995; Gable and Haidt, 2005; Simons et al., 2021).

According to the Cambridge Dictionary, wellbeing is defined as “the state of feeling healthy and happy” (Cambridge University Press, 2019). Meanwhile, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention describe it as the presence of positive emotions, feeling good, the absence of negative emotions, satisfaction with life, and positive functioning (CDC, 2023).

To construct a comprehensive global definition, Simons and Baldwin (2021) put forth that wellbeing is a state characterized by positive feelings and the fulfilment of one’s full potential in the world. It can be assessed subjectively and objectively, utilizing a salutogenic approach. This definition highlights the distinction between wellbeing and terms like quality of life, emphasizing that even in the face of global challenges, wellbeing encompasses more than just the absence of pathology (Simons and Baldwin, 2021).

Given the lack of consensus on a singular definition, various components, determinants, or pillars are often used interchangeably in discussions surrounding wellbeing (Simons and Baldwin, 2021). Researchers from diverse fields have examined different facets of wellbeing, including physical, mental, social, and economic wellbeing, among others (Frey et al., 2002; Diener et al., 1999, 2000; Kahneman et al., 2004; Eid et al., 2008).