Hepatocellular carcinoma, the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths, presents a growing concern in global health. Its incidence varies worldwide due to different risk factors, including hepatitis infections and liver diseases. These factors often lead to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, culminating in carcinoma.

The article by Alawyia and Constantinou (2023) sheds light on our current knowledge and future research in hepatocellular carcinoma. Treatment faces challenges due to resistance and high recurrence rates. Early cases often require surgery, while advanced cases are managed with therapies like chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and innovative approaches. The use of nanotechnology aims to improve effectiveness and reduce side effects, and combining different therapies shows promise in overcoming resistance.